Hydrogen energy storage is a process wherein the surplus of energy created by renewables during low energy demand periods is used to power electrolysis, a process in which an electrical current is passed through a chemical solution in order to separate hydrogen. Once hydrogen is created through electrolysis it can be used in stationary fuel cells, for power generation, to provide fuel for fuel cell vehicles, injected into natural gas pipelines to reduce their carbon intensity, or even stored as a compressed gas, cryogenic liquid or wide variety of loosely-bonded hydride compounds for later use. Hydrogen created through electrolysis is showing great promise as an economic fuel choice, with data from the International Energy Agency predicting that hydrogen generated from wind will be cheaper than natural gas by 2030.
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Electricity can be converted into hydrogen by electrolysis. The hydrogen can be then stored and eventually re-electrified. The round-trip efficiency today is lower than other storage technologies. Despite this low efficiency, the interest in hydrogen energy storage is growing due to the much higher storage capacity compared to batteries (small scale) or pumped hydro and CAES (large scale).
HES systems will become more common as more renewables get pushed onto the grid. The demand for the solution grows as this situation develops. So, states like Hawaii and California, with 100% renewable portfolio standard mandates will likely be early adopters of the technology, much as we have seen in Europe. There will also be an increase in off-grid HES projects in development, as curtailment of wind and solar becomes more common, PPA contracts expire, and production tax credits get phased out.