Vehicle electrification is the process of powering the vehicle by electricity, replacing vehicle components that operate on a conventional energy source with components that operate on electricity. In general, vehicle electrification is focused on the powertrain driven by electricity and its auxiliary systems such as on-board and off-board charging systems, as well as wireless power transfer. Vehicle electrification also covers many other aspects of vehicle functionalities that exist in a conventional non-electric vehicle, such as electronic power-assisted steering, electronic stability program, electronic traction control, intelligent light system, smart electromagnetic suspension, all-wheel drive, airbag deployment system, and more.
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The fundamental and key objective of vehicle electrification is the replacement of a gasoline drive with an electric powertrain. In an electric powertrain, the traction battery pack uses the energy stored in it to drive the electric motor with help of a power electronics converter. During braking or when the speed of the vehicle is reduced, the electric energy is driven back to the battery using a regenerative braking system. Based on the type of electric motor used, the control technique and topology of the converter will vary.
The various types of electric motors commonly used in an electric vehicle are the following:
- Brushless DC motor (BLDC motor): Used in most lightweight two-wheeler and three-wheeler EVs like electric scooters and electric motorcycles
- Permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM): Used by many EV manufacturers for high-performance electric motorcycles, electric cars, and electric buses
- AC induction motor (ACIM): Used by the manufacturer for two-wheeler and four-wheeler EVs
- Interior permanent magnet Motor (IPMM): Used by some manufacturers for high-performance, two-wheeler electric motorcycles
- Permanent-magnet switched reluctance motor (PMSRM): Used in four-wheeler EVs
Challenges of Vehicle Electrification
- Limited driving range and battery issues
- Long charging time and inadequate charging infrastructure
- Power semiconductors
- Other devices